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memory traces

  • 1 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

  • 2 следы памяти

    Русско-английский биологический словарь > следы памяти

  • 3 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
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    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
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    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.
    119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.
    120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.
    121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.
    122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.
    123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.
    125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.
    126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.
    127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.
    128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.
    130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.
    133. Brenner, C. (1981) Defense and defense mechanisms. PQ, 50.
    134. Brenner, C. (1983) Defense. In: the Mind in Conflict. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    135. Bressler, B. (1965) The concept of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 52.
    136. Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1983—95) Studies on Hysteria. SE, 3.
    137. Breznitz, S., ed. (1983) The Denial of Stress. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    138. Brody, S. (1964) Passivity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    139. Brown, H. (1970) Psycholinquistics. New York: Free Press.
    140. Bruner, J. S. (1964) The course of cognitive growth. Amer. Psychologist. 19.
    141. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (1976) Play. New York Basic Books.
    142. Bruner, J. E., Olver, R. R. &Greenfield, P. M. (1966) Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: Wiley.
    143. Buie, D H. (1981) Empathy. JAPA, 29.
    144. Burgner, M. & Edgeumble, R. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relationships. PSOC, 27.
    145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
    146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.
    147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.
    148. Chassequet-Smirgel, J. (1978) Reflections on the connection between perversion and sadism. IJP, 59.
    149. Chomsky, N. (1978) Language and unconscious knowledge. In: Psychoanalysis and Language, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, vol. 3.
    150. Clower, V. (1975) Significance of masturbation in female sexual development and function. In: Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence, ed. I. Marcus & J. Francis. New York: Int. Uni" Press.
    151. Coen, S. J. & Bradlow, P. A. (1982) Twin transference as a compromise formation. JAPA, 30.
    152. Compton, A. Object and relationships. PMC. Forthcoming.
    153. Cullen, W. (1777) First Lines of the Practice of Psysic. Edinburgh: Bell, Brandfute.
    154. Curtis, B. C. (1969) Psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of impotence. In: Sexual Function and Dysfunction, ed. P. J. Fink & V. B. O. Hummett. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
    155. Darwin, C. (1874) The Descent of Man. New York: Hurst.
    156. Davidoff-Hirsch, H. (1985) Oedipal and preoedipal phenomena. JAPA, 33.
    157. Davis, M. & Wallbridge, D. (1981) Boundary and Space. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
    158. Deutsch, H. (1932) Homosexuality in women. PQ, 1.
    159. Deutsch, H. (1934) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    160. Deutsch, H. (1937) Absence of grief. PQ, 6.
    161. Deutsch, H. (1942) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    162. Deutsch, H. (1955) The impostor. In: Neuroses and Character Types. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.
    163. Devereux, G. (1953) Why Oedipus killed Lains. IJP, 34.
    164. Dewald, P. (1982) Psychoanalytic perspectives On resistance. In: resistance, Psychodynamics. and Behavioral Approaches, ed. P. Wachtel. New York: Plenum Press.
    165. Dickes, R. (1963) Fetishistic behavior. JAPA. 11.
    166. Dickes, R. (1965) The defensive function of an altered state of consciousness. JAPA, 13.
    167. Dickes, R. (1967) Severe regressive disruption of the therapeutic alliance. JAPA, 15.
    168. Dickes, R. (1981) Sexual myths and misinformation. In: Understanding Human Behaviour in Health and Illness, ed. R. C. Simon & H. Pardes. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
    169. Dorpat, T. L. (1985) Denial and Defense in the Therapeutic Situation. New York: Jason Aronson.
    170. Downey, T. W. (1978) Transitional phenomena in the analysis of early adolescent males. PSOC, 33.
    171. Dunbar, F. (1954) Emotions and Bodily Functions. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    172. Easson, W. M. (1973) The earliest ego development, primitive memory traces, and the Isakower phenomenon. PQ, 42.
    173. Edelheit, H. (1971) Mythopoiesis and the primal scene. Psychoanal. Study Society, 5.
    174. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relation ships, part I. PSOC, 27.
    175. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1975) The phallicnarcissistic phase. PSOC, 30.
    176. Eidelberg, L. (1960) A third contribution to the study of slips of the tongue. IJP, 41.
    177. Eidelberg, L. (1968) Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. New York: The Free Press; London: Collier-MacMillan.
    178. Eissler, K. R. (1953) The effect of the structure of the ego on psychoanalytic technique. JAPA, 1.
    179. Ellenberg, H. F. (1970) The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books.
    180. Emde, R. N. (1980) Toward a psychoanalytic theory of affect: I. & G. H. Pollock. Washington NYMH.
    181. Emde R., Gaensbaner, T. & Harmon R. (1976) Emotional Expression in Infancy. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    182. Erode R. & Harmon, R. J. (1972) Endogenous and exogenous smiling systems in early infancy. J. Amer. Acad. Child Psychiat., 11.
    183. Engel, G. L. (1962) Psychological Development in Health and Disease. New York Saunders.
    184. Engel, G. L. (1967) Psychoanalytic theory of somatic disorder. JAPA, 15.
    185. Engel, G. L. (1968) A reconsideration of the role of conversion in somatic disease. Compr. Psychiat., 94.
    186. English, H. B. & English, A. C. (1958) A comprehensive Dictionary of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Terms. New York: David McKay.
    187. Erard, R. (1983) New wine in old skins. Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 10.
    188. Erdelyi, M. H. (1985) Psychoanalysis. New York: W. H. Freeman.
    189. Erikson, E. H. (1950) Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.
    190. Erikson, E. H. (1956) The concept of ego identity. JAPA, 4.
    191. Erikson, E. H. (1956) The problem of ego identity. JAPA, 4.
    192. Esman, A. H. (1973) The primal scene. PSOC, 28.
    193. Esman, A. H. (1975) The Psychology of Adolescence. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
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    195. Esman, A. H. (1983) The "stimulus barrier": a review and reconsideration. PSOC, 38.
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    714. Reich, A. (1953) Narcissistic object choice in women. JAPA, 1.
    715. Reich, A. (1954) Early identifications as archaic elements in the superego. JAPA, 2.
    716. Reich, A. (1960) Pathologic forms of self-esteem regulation. PSOC, 15.
    717. Reich, W. (1933) Character Analysis. New York: Orgone Press, 1949.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 4 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 5 следы памяти

    Biology: memory traces

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > следы памяти

  • 6 vestigio

    m.
    1 vestige.
    2 rudimentary organ.
    * * *
    1 vestige, trace, remains plural
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=señal) trace, vestige
    2) pl vestigios (=ruinas) remains, relics
    * * *
    masculino trace

    en su rostro aún quedaban vestigios de su belleza — (liter) her face still bore vestiges of her beauty (liter)

    * * *
    = relic, trace, vestige, memory, hangover [hang-over], remnant, holdover.
    Ex. The argument in support of this proposal rests on the following assertions: The main entry is a relic of the early days of the printed book catalog when, for reasons of space and cost of printing, a book was to be represented by one entry only.
    Ex. But there was no trace of sinisterness in Balzac's manner.
    Ex. There is the need to clear away the erroneous material and all the vestiges of the misunderstanding that it gathers in its wake.
    Ex. Artists or their families have often wished to erase the memory of convict or immigrant origins, youthful indiscretions, or previous marriages.
    Ex. English's dominant role is a hangover from colonialism.
    Ex. What survived was a tiny remnant, sometimes, to judge from the binding, a relic of earlier antiquarianism.
    Ex. As I've said before, these conventions are antiquated -- they are holdovers from an older era.
    ----
    * presentar vestigios de = bear + traces of.
    * vestigios de = vestigial.
    * * *
    masculino trace

    en su rostro aún quedaban vestigios de su belleza — (liter) her face still bore vestiges of her beauty (liter)

    * * *
    = relic, trace, vestige, memory, hangover [hang-over], remnant, holdover.

    Ex: The argument in support of this proposal rests on the following assertions: The main entry is a relic of the early days of the printed book catalog when, for reasons of space and cost of printing, a book was to be represented by one entry only.

    Ex: But there was no trace of sinisterness in Balzac's manner.
    Ex: There is the need to clear away the erroneous material and all the vestiges of the misunderstanding that it gathers in its wake.
    Ex: Artists or their families have often wished to erase the memory of convict or immigrant origins, youthful indiscretions, or previous marriages.
    Ex: English's dominant role is a hangover from colonialism.
    Ex: What survived was a tiny remnant, sometimes, to judge from the binding, a relic of earlier antiquarianism.
    Ex: As I've said before, these conventions are antiquated -- they are holdovers from an older era.
    * presentar vestigios de = bear + traces of.
    * vestigios de = vestigial.

    * * *
    trace
    no quedan vestigios de aquella civilización no trace remains of that civilization
    en su rostro aún quedaban vestigios de su belleza ya marchita ( liter); her face still showed vestiges of her faded beauty ( liter)
    * * *

    vestigio sustantivo masculino
    trace;

    vestigios históricos historical remains
    vestigio sustantivo masculino trace, vestige

    ' vestigio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    rastro
    - resabio
    - huella
    - indicio
    English:
    relic
    - remnant
    - trace
    - vestige
    - hang
    * * *
    [de otras épocas, civilizaciones] trace, vestige;
    se destruyó todo vestigio de vida every trace of life was destroyed;
    los últimos vestigios del colonialismo the last vestiges of colonialism
    * * *
    m vestige, trace
    * * *
    : vestige, sign, trace
    * * *
    vestigio n trace

    Spanish-English dictionary > vestigio

  • 7 оставям

    1. leave
    (изоставям) abandon, forsake, desert
    (любовник, любовница) jilt
    (не прибирам, не измитам) leave about/around
    оставям всичко quit all, drop everything
    остави ме leave me alone
    оставям на съхранение deposit for safe-keeping
    оставям храна/трохи за птичките put out food/crumbs for the birds
    оставям по наследство leave (to), devise (на on)
    оставям дете leave a child ( при with)
    оставям бележка за leave word/a message for
    оставям място за (написване на нещо) leave a space for
    оставям празнина leave a gap
    оставям чешмата да тече leave the tap running
    оставям електричеството да гори leave a light burning, leave a light on
    оставям огъня да угасне let the fire go out
    оставям някого да прави каквото ще leave s.o. to himself/to his own devices, give s.o. a free hand
    оставям някого да си блъска сам гла-вата leave s.o. to his own devices
    оставям на сухо leave out in the cold, leave high and dry
    не оставям някого да спи keep s.o. awake
    не оставям някого да работи keep s.o. from work
    не оставям някого да говори tie s.o.'s tongue
    оставям някого да умре allow s.o. to die
    не оставям някого да умре keep s.o. alive
    не оставям някого да умре от глад keep s.o. from starvation
    оставям под грижите на leave to the care of
    оставям зад себе си outdistance, outstrip, surpass
    оставям след себе си leave behind (one), (за буря и пр.) leave in its train/wake
    оставям след себе си поражения (за буря и пр.) leave a trail of damage
    оставям диря/утайка leave a trail/a sediment
    оставям следи leave traces
    оставям лош спомен leave an unpleasant memory behind
    оставям нещата да се развиват сами let things take their course
    2. (запазвам, отлагам) keep, leave
    оставям за по-после leave for later. (въпрос, решение) hold over
    оставям най-хуба-вото за най-после leave the best till the last
    оставям за на края leave for the end
    3. (слагам оставям прибор, книга и пр.) lay/put down
    4. (преставам да се занимавам с, отказвам се от) leave, give up; drop
    оставям настрана lay aside
    оставям работата leave off work
    оставям тютюна cut out tobacco, give up smoking
    оставям навик drop a habit
    оставям преструвките put aside pretence
    оставям лъжливата скромност shed false modesty
    оставям костите си lay o.'s bones
    оставям жив spare the life of
    оставям работата там (не правя нищо повече) let it go at that, leave it at that
    остави let it alone, let it/things be, never mind
    оставям си брада grow a beard
    оставям дете от училище take a child away from school
    оставям се let o.s. (c inf. без to)
    оставям се на провидението trust in providence
    не се оставям на stand up against
    не се оставям така fight back, stick to o.'s guns
    оставям се от лоши навици leave off/drop bad habits
    остави се oh dear, oh dear
    оставям се на отчаяние abandon o.s. to despair
    * * *
    оста̀вям,
    гл.
    1. leave; ( изоставям) abandon, forsake, desert; ( любовник, любовница) jilt; ( позволявам) let; (не прибирам, не измитам) leave about/around; не \оставям някого да работи keep s.o. from work; не \оставям някого да спи keep s.o. awake; не \оставям някого да умре от глад keep s.o. from starvation; нищо не е останало от него he is a mere shadow of his former self; остави ме leave me alone; \оставям всичко quit all, drop everything; \оставям електричеството да гори leave a light burning, leave a light on; \оставям зад себе си outdistance, outstrip, surpass; \оставям на сухо leave out in the cold, leave high and dry; \оставям на съхранение deposit for safe-keeping; \оставям нещата да се развиват сами let things take their course; \оставям някого да прави каквото ще leave s.o. to himself/to his own devices, give s.o. a free hand; \оставям някого да си блъска сам главата leave s.o. to his own devices/resources; \оставям някого да умре allow s.o. to die; \оставям огъня да угасне let the fire go out; \оставям по наследство leave (to), devise (на on); \оставям след себе си leave behind (one), (за буря и пр.) leave in its train/wake; \оставям след себе си поражения (за буря и пр.) leave a trail of damage; \оставям храна/трохи за птичките put out food/crumbs for the birds; \оставям чешмата да тече leave the tap running;
    2. ( запазвам, отлагам) keep, leave; ( въпрос, решение) hold over; \оставям за накрая leave for the end; \оставям най-хубавото за най-после leave the best till the last;
    3. ( слагам ­ прибор, книга и пр.) lay/put down;
    4. ( преставам да се занимавам с, отказвам се от) leave, give up; drop; да оставим това let that pass; остави let it alone, let it/things be, never mind; \оставям лъжливата скромност shed false modesty; \оставям навик drop a habit; \оставям настрана lay aside; \оставям преструвките put aside pretence; \оставям пушенето cut out tobacco, give up smoking; \оставям работата leave off work; • \оставям жив spare the life of; \оставям костите си lay o.’s bones; \оставям работата там (не правя нищо повече) let it go at that, leave it at that; \оставям си брада grow a beard;
    \оставям се let o.s. (с inf. без to); не се \оставям на stand up against; не се \оставям така fight back, stick to o.’s guns; остави ме намира! get off my back! \оставям се на провидението trust in providence; • не се оставяй don’t give in; остави се oh dear, oh dear; \оставям се на отчаянието abandon o.s. to despair; остави се от тая работа let (it) be.
    * * *
    leave: You can оставям your luggage at home. - Можеш да оставиш багажа си вкъщи., оставям reading for later - Остави четенето за по-късно; give (давам); wale (белези,следи на); let (позволявам): оставям him do whatever he wants. - Остави го да прави каквото иска.; put (поставям): He оставям the cup on the table. - Той остави чашата на масата.; allow (позволявам); relinquish; vacate (освобождавам)
    * * *
    1. (запазвам, отлагам) keep, leave 2. (изоставям) abandon, forsake, desert 3. (любовник, любовница) jilt 4. (не прибирам, не измитам) leave about/around 5. (позволявам) let 6. (преставам да се занимавам с, отказвам се от) leave, give up;drop 7. (слагам ОСТАВЯМ прибор, книга и пр.) lay/put down 8. leave 9. ОСТАВЯМ ce let o. s. (c inf. без to) 10. ОСТАВЯМ no наследство leave (to), devise (на on) 11. ОСТАВЯМ бележка за leave word/a message for 12. ОСТАВЯМ всичко quit all, drop everything 13. ОСТАВЯМ дете leave a child (при with) 14. ОСТАВЯМ дете от училище take a child away from school 15. ОСТАВЯМ диря/утайка leave a trail/a sediment 16. ОСТАВЯМ електричеството да гори leave a light burning, leave a light on 17. ОСТАВЯМ жив spare the life of 18. ОСТАВЯМ за на края leave for the end 19. ОСТАВЯМ за по-после leave for later. (въпрос, решение) hold over 20. ОСТАВЯМ зад себе си outdistance, outstrip, surpass 21. ОСТАВЯМ костите си lay o.'s bones 22. ОСТАВЯМ лош спомен leave an unpleasant memory behind 23. ОСТАВЯМ лъжливата скромност shed false modesty 24. ОСТАВЯМ място за (написване на нещо) leave a space for 25. ОСТАВЯМ на сухо leave out in the cold, leave high and dry 26. ОСТАВЯМ на съхранение deposit for safe-keeping 27. ОСТАВЯМ навик drop a habit 28. ОСТАВЯМ най-хуба-вото за най-после leave the best till the last 29. ОСТАВЯМ настрана lay aside 30. ОСТАВЯМ нещата да се развиват сами let things take their course 31. ОСТАВЯМ някого да прави каквото ще leave s. о. to himself/to his own devices, give s. o. a free hand 32. ОСТАВЯМ някого да си блъска сам гла-вата leave s. o. to his own devices 33. ОСТАВЯМ някого да умре allow s. o. to die 34. ОСТАВЯМ огъня да угасне let the fire go out 35. ОСТАВЯМ под грижите на leave to the care of 36. ОСТАВЯМ празнина leave a gap 37. ОСТАВЯМ преструвките put aside pretence 38. ОСТАВЯМ работата leave off work 39. ОСТАВЯМ работата там (не правя нищо повече) let it go at that, leave it at that 40. ОСТАВЯМ се на отчаяние abandon o. s. to despair 41. ОСТАВЯМ се на провидението trust in providence 42. ОСТАВЯМ се от лоши навици leave off/drop bad habits 43. ОСТАВЯМ си брада grow a beard 44. ОСТАВЯМ след себе си leave behind (one), (за буря и пр.) leave in its train/wake 45. ОСТАВЯМ след себе си поражения (за буря и пр.) leave a trail of damage 46. ОСТАВЯМ следи leave traces 47. ОСТАВЯМ тютюна cut out tobacco, give up smoking 48. ОСТАВЯМ храна/ трохи за птичките put out food/crumbs for the birds 49. ОСТАВЯМ чешмата да тече leave the tap running 50. да оставим това let that pass 51. не ОСТАВЯМ някого да говори tie s.o.'s tongue 52. не ОСТАВЯМ някого да работи keep s. o. from work 53. не ОСТАВЯМ някого да спи keep s. o. awake 54. не ОСТАВЯМ някого да умре keep s. o. alive 55. не ОСТАВЯМ някого да умре от глад keep s. o. from starvation 56. не се ОСТАВЯМ на stand up against 57. не се ОСТАВЯМ така fight back, stick to o.'s guns 58. не се оставяй don't give in 59. някой да е оставил нещо за мене? has anything been left for me? 60. остави let it alone, let it/things be, never mind 61. остави ме leave me alone 62. остави се oh dear, oh dear 63. остави се от тая работа let (it) be 64. те се оставиха да ги измамят they let themselves be swindled

    Български-английски речник > оставям

  • 8 minning

    * * *
    (pl. -ar), f.
    1) memory, recollection, remembrance; í m. e-s, in memory of (í hverja m. heldr þú þenna dag?);
    2) in pl. traces (engar minningar vóru eptir hans meina);
    3) gift, present;
    4) requital, revenge (þótti sjá m. betri en eigi);
    5) admonition, foreboding (þessi m. varð náliga hverja nótt);
    6) mention, suggestion, proposal (gørði G. þá m., at).
    * * *
    f. memory, recollection, remembrance; en nú ritu vér þau tíðendi með nokkurri minningu, er görðusk …, Ó. H. (pref.); í minning e-s, in memory of, remembrance of, Rb. 336, MS. 623. 96, Nj. 157, Sks. 112; göra minning e-s, Fms. i. 31, Blas. 43, Grett. 137; góðrar, ágætrar minningar, of good, blessed memory, H. E. i. 529, Dipl. i. 3:—with a notion of vengeance, ok þótti sjá minning betri en engi, Ld. 234, Fms. xi. 443: with a notion of gratitude, a gift, present, Eg. 63; þenna varning vil ek at þér þiggit at mér, herra, þótt smæri minningar sé görvar en vera ætti, Fms. xi. 328.
    2. admonition, foreboding; þessi minning varð náliga hverja nótt. Fms. vii. 187.
    COMPDS: minningarmark, minningartíð, minningarverðr.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > minning

  • 9 huella

    f.
    1 footprint.
    huella digital o dactilar fingerprint
    huella genética genetic fingerprint
    2 trace (vestigio).
    3 mark.
    dejar huella to leave one's mark
    4 step.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: hollar.
    * * *
    1 (de pie) footprint; (de ruedas) track
    2 figurado (vestigio) trace, sign
    \
    dejar huella to leave one's mark (en, on)
    no quedar ni huella not to be a trace
    seguir las huellas de alguien figurado to follow in somebody's footsteps
    huella dactilar fingerprint
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [en el suelo] (=pisada) footprint, footstep; [de coche, animal] track

    huella dactilar, huella digital — fingerprint

    2) (=rastro) trace

    sin dejar huella — without leaving a trace, leaving no sign

    3) (=impronta)
    4) (=acto) tread, treading
    5) [de escalera] tread
    * * *
    a) ( pisada - de persona) footprint, footstep; (- de rueda) track

    las huellas del animal — the animal's tracks o pawprints (o hoofmarks etc)

    b) ( vestigio) mark
    c) ( de escalón) tread
    * * *
    = trace, footprint, imprint, footprint, footprint, track, print.
    Ex. But there was no trace of sinisterness in Balzac's manner.
    Ex. Such compact drives are attractive devices for laptop computers and for internal installation in desktop computers with compact footprints.
    Ex. Harris was a librarian par excellence, whose imprint will become indelible in the history of Nigerian librarianship.
    Ex. In later years, the famous book mythological significance of muddy footprints introduced me to the ancient Hippopotamian culture.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The Information footprint: a satellite-based information service'.
    Ex. Topics include trees, leaf coloration, buds, seeds, vertebrate animals, animal tracks, insects and other arthropods, earthworms, characteristics of living things, and microhabitats.
    Ex. Some of the exhibition's objects are plaster casts of such perishables as dying daffodil heads and hoof prints.
    ----
    * borrar + Posesivo + huellas = cover up + Posesivo + tracks.
    * dejar huella = leave + Posesivo + mark, cut + a swath(e), leave + a trace, touch + Posesivo + life, leave + an impression, leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * dejar huellas = leave + footprints.
    * dejar una huella imborrable = leave + a lasting memory.
    * dejar una huella imborrable = leave + a lasting impression.
    * desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * hacer huella = leave + an impression, touch + Posesivo + life, leave + Posesivo + mark, cut + a swath(e), leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * huella dactilar = fingerprint [finger-print].
    * huella de carbono = carbon imprint, carbon footprint.
    * huella dejada por el pulgar = thumb-mark.
    * huella ecológica = ecological imprint, ecological footprint.
    * huellas = set of tracks.
    * identificación mediante las huellas dactilares = finger-print identification.
    * sin dejar huella = into thin air.
    * * *
    a) ( pisada - de persona) footprint, footstep; (- de rueda) track

    las huellas del animal — the animal's tracks o pawprints (o hoofmarks etc)

    b) ( vestigio) mark
    c) ( de escalón) tread
    * * *
    = trace, footprint, imprint, footprint, footprint, track, print.

    Ex: But there was no trace of sinisterness in Balzac's manner.

    Ex: Such compact drives are attractive devices for laptop computers and for internal installation in desktop computers with compact footprints.
    Ex: Harris was a librarian par excellence, whose imprint will become indelible in the history of Nigerian librarianship.
    Ex: In later years, the famous book mythological significance of muddy footprints introduced me to the ancient Hippopotamian culture.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The Information footprint: a satellite-based information service'.
    Ex: Topics include trees, leaf coloration, buds, seeds, vertebrate animals, animal tracks, insects and other arthropods, earthworms, characteristics of living things, and microhabitats.
    Ex: Some of the exhibition's objects are plaster casts of such perishables as dying daffodil heads and hoof prints.
    * borrar + Posesivo + huellas = cover up + Posesivo + tracks.
    * dejar huella = leave + Posesivo + mark, cut + a swath(e), leave + a trace, touch + Posesivo + life, leave + an impression, leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * dejar huellas = leave + footprints.
    * dejar una huella imborrable = leave + a lasting memory.
    * dejar una huella imborrable = leave + a lasting impression.
    * desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * hacer huella = leave + an impression, touch + Posesivo + life, leave + Posesivo + mark, cut + a swath(e), leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * huella dactilar = fingerprint [finger-print].
    * huella de carbono = carbon imprint, carbon footprint.
    * huella dejada por el pulgar = thumb-mark.
    * huella ecológica = ecological imprint, ecological footprint.
    * huellas = set of tracks.
    * identificación mediante las huellas dactilares = finger-print identification.
    * sin dejar huella = into thin air.

    * * *
    1 (pisada — de una persona) footprint, footstep; (— de un animal) pawprint ( o hoofmark etc)
    siguieron las huellas del animal they followed the animal's tracks o pawprints ( o hoofmarks etc)
    2 (vestigio) mark
    la huella islámica en la literatura española the Islamic influence on Spanish literature
    en su rostro se veía la huella del tiempo time had left its mark on his face ( liter)
    desaparecieron sin dejar huella they disappeared without (a) trace
    Compuestos:
    carbon footprint
    ecological footprint
    genetic fingerprint
    ● huellas dactilares or digitales
    fpl fingerprints (pl)
    social impact; social footprint
    * * *

     

    Del verbo hollar: ( conjugate hollar)

    huella es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    hollar    
    huella
    huella sustantivo femenino

    (— de rueda) track;
    ◊ las huellas del animal the animal's tracks o pawprints (o hoofmarks etc);

    huellas dactilares fingerprints
    b) ( vestigio) mark;


    huella sustantivo femenino
    1 (pisada) footprint
    (de vehículo, animal) track
    huella dactilar o digital, fingerprint
    2 fig (rastro, señal) trace, sign
    dejar la huella, to leave one's mark: dejó una huella en el cristal, it left a mark on the glass
    ' huella' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dactilar
    - estampar
    - imprimir
    - marca
    - pisada
    - seña
    - señal
    - señalar
    - dejar
    - impacto
    - indicio
    - marcar
    - mordida
    - perro
    - rastro
    - reciente
    - resquicio
    English:
    fingerprint
    - footprint
    - impression
    - imprint
    - mark
    - print
    - sign
    - skidmark
    - suspicion
    - track
    - finger
    - foot
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [de persona] footprint;
    [de animal, rueda] track;
    seguir las huellas de alguien to follow in sb's footsteps
    huella dactilar fingerprint;
    huella digital fingerprint;
    huella genética genetic fingerprint
    2. [vestigio] trace;
    todavía no han desaparecido las huellas de las inundaciones you can still see the signs of the flooding
    3. [impresión profunda] mark;
    su rostro reflejaba las huellas del esfuerzo her face showed signs of the effort she was putting in;
    dejar huella: desaparecieron sin dejar huella they vanished without trace;
    un estilo de componer que ha dejado huella a style of composing that has been very influential;
    sus enseñanzas dejaron huella en sus discípulos her teachings influenced her followers
    4. [de escalón] tread
    * * *
    f mark; de animal track;
    seguir las huellas de alguien follow in s.o.’s footsteps
    * * *
    huella, etc. hollar
    huella nf
    1) : footprint
    seguir las huellas de alguien: to follow in someone's footsteps
    2) : mark, impact
    dejar huella: to leave one's mark
    sin dejar huella: without a trace
    3)
    huella dactilar : fingerprint
    * * *
    1. (de persona) footprint
    2. (de animal, vehículo) track

    Spanish-English dictionary > huella

  • 10 imprimer

    imprimer [ɛ̃pʀime]
    ➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb
       a. [+ livre, tissu] to print
       b. ( = communiquer) [+ impulsion] to transmit
    * * *
    ɛ̃pʀime
    1) ( marquer d'un motif) to print [texte, étiquettes]; to print a design on [tissu]
    2) ( publier) to publish [texte, auteur]
    3) ( reproduire) to put [cachet] ( sur on); to print [initiales] ( sur on)
    4) ( transmettre) [personne] to give [style, direction, cadence] (à to); to transmit [impulsion] (à to)
    5) ( laisser une empreinte) [personne] to leave an imprint of [forme]
    6) ( graver)
    * * *
    ɛ̃pʀime vt
    1) [journal, livre, affiche] to print

    J'ai fait imprimer des cartes de visite. — I had some calling cards printed.

    2) INFORMATIQUE to print, to print out
    3) (= transmettre) [mouvement, impulsion] to impart, to transmit
    4) (= apposer) [visa, cachet] to stamp, [empreinte] to imprint
    * * *
    imprimer verb table: aimer vtr
    1 Imprim to print [texte, journaux, étiquettes, billets]; Tex to print a design on [tissu]; imprimer sur aluminium/papier recyclé to print on aluminium GB ou aluminum US/recycled paper; un tissu imprimé de motifs géométriques fabric with a geometric pattern;
    2 ( publier) to publish [texte, ouvrage, auteur];
    3 ( reproduire) to put [cachet, sceau] (sur on); to print [initiales] (sur on);
    4 ( transmettre) [personne] to give [style, direction, orientation, cadence] (à qch/qn to sth/sb); to transmit [impulsion, oscillation] (à qch to sth); il a imprimé un nouveau style au débat he gave a new style to the debate; imprimer un mouvement de rotation à une roue to start a wheel turning;
    5 ( laisser une empreinte) [personne] to leave an imprint of [forme, dents, pied] (dans in; sur in); des traces de pneus imprimées dans la boue wheel tracks imprinted in the mud;
    6 ( graver) [temps, vieillesse] to etch [rides]; être imprimé dans la mémoire de qn [souvenir, images] to be engraved in sb's memory; être imprimé sur le visage de qn [tristesse, joie] to be written all over sb's face.
    [ɛ̃prime] verbe transitif
    1. IMPRIMERIE [fabriquer] to print (out) (separable)
    [publier] to print, to publish
    3. [transmettre] to transmit, to impart, to give
    imprimer un mouvement à quelque chose to impart ou to transmit a movement to something
    ————————
    s'imprimer verbe pronominal intransitif

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > imprimer

  • 11 tilgen

    v/t
    1. (streichen) delete; auch DRUCK., EDV strike out, cancel; (löschen) erase (auch EDV), expunge geh.; (vernichten) destroy, eradicate
    2. WIRTS. (Schuld) pay off, repay; (Anleihe) redeem
    3. fig. (sühnen) expiate, pay for, purge; (Erinnerung) blot out, purge; eine Schmach tilgen expunge ( aggressiv: avenge) a humiliation; (Besseres leisten) redeem o.s. (after a disgrace)
    * * *
    (abbezahlen) to amortize; to pay off; to liquidate;
    (auslöschen) to obliterate; to delete;
    (sühnen) to expiate
    * * *
    tịl|gen ['tɪlgn]
    vt (geh)
    1) Schulden to pay off
    2) (= beseitigen) Sünde, Unrecht, Spuren to wipe out; Erinnerung, Druckfehler to erase; Strafe to remove; Posten (TYP, LING) to delete
    * * *
    1) (to pay (a debt).) discharge
    2) (to rub out; to remove: You must try to efface the event from your memory.) efface
    * * *
    til·gen
    [ˈtɪlgn̩]
    ▪ etw \tilgen
    1. FIN (abtragen) to pay sth off
    2. (beseitigen) to wipe out sth sep
    ▪ etw von etw dat \tilgen to erase sth from sth
    * * *
    1) (geh.) delete <word, letter, error>; erase <record, endorsement>; (fig.) wipe out <shame, guilt, traces>
    2) (Wirtsch., Bankw.) repay; pay off
    * * *
    tilgen v/t
    1. (streichen) delete; auch TYPO, IT strike out, cancel; (löschen) erase ( auch IT), expunge geh; (vernichten) destroy, eradicate
    2. WIRTSCH (Schuld) pay off, repay; (Anleihe) redeem
    3. fig (sühnen) expiate, pay for, purge; (Erinnerung) blot out, purge;
    eine Schmach tilgen expunge ( aggressiv: avenge) a humiliation; (Besseres leisten) redeem o.s. (after a disgrace)
    * * *
    1) (geh.) delete <word, letter, error>; erase <record, endorsement>; (fig.) wipe out <shame, guilt, traces>
    2) (Wirtsch., Bankw.) repay; pay off
    * * *
    v.
    to amortise (UK) v.
    to amortize (US) v.
    to liquidate v.
    to merge (in) v.
    to obliterate v.
    to pay off v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > tilgen

  • 12 frais

    I.
    frais°1, fraîche [fʀε, fʀε∫]
    1. adjective
       a. ( = légèrement froid) cool ; [vent] fresh
       b. ( = sans cordialité) chilly
       c. ( = sain, éclatant) fresh
       d. ( = récent) recent ; [peinture] wet
       e. [aliment] fresh
       f. ( = reposé) fresh
    • eh bien, nous voilà frais ! well, we're in a fine mess now! (inf)
    2. adverb
    • « servir frais » "serve chilled"
       b. ( = récemment) newly
    3. masculine noun
       b. ( = vent) bon frais strong breeze
    4. feminine noun
    II.
    frais°2 [fʀε]
    plural masculine noun
    ( = débours) expenses ; (facturés) charges
    • se mettre en frais pour qn/pour recevoir qn to put o.s. out for sb/to entertain sb
    • faire les frais de la conversation ( = parler) to keep the conversation going ; ( = être le sujet) to be the (main) topic of conversation
    ► frais d'entretien [de jardin, maison] (cost of) upkeep ; [de machine, équipement] maintenance costs
    ► frais financiers interest charges ; [de crédit] loan charges
    ► frais de garde [d'enfant] childminding costs ; [de malade] nursing fees
    ► frais de scolarité (à l'école, au lycée) school fees (Brit), tuition fees (US) ; (pour un étudiant) tuition fees
    * * *

    1.
    fraîche fʀɛ, fʀɛʃ adjectif
    1) ( légèrement froid) cool; ( trop froid) cold

    ‘servir frais’ — ‘serve chilled’

    il fait frais ce matin — ( c'est agréable) it's cool this morning; ( il fait froid) it's chilly this morning

    2) ( récent) [nouvelles, traces, neige] fresh; [peinture] wet

    de fraîche date — [membre] recent

    3) [produit] fresh
    4) ( jeune) [teint, peau] fresh; [voix] young
    5) ( nouveau) [troupes, équipe] fresh
    6) ( léger) [parfum, décor, couleur] fresh
    7) ( sans chaleur) [accueil, ambiance] cool

    2.

    3.
    nom masculin ( fraîcheur)

    mettre quelque chose au frais — ( pour le conserver) to put something in a cool place; ( pour le refroidir) to put something to cool

    mettre quelqu'un au frais — (colloq) ( en prison) to put somebody inside (colloq)


    4.
    nom masculin pluriel
    1) gén ( dépenses) expenses

    aux frais de quelqu'un — fig at somebody's expense

    faire des frais — [personne] to spend a lot of money

    en être pour ses frais — (colloq) lit to have to pay; fig to get nothing for one's pains

    arrêter les frais — fig to stop wasting one's time

    3) (coûts d'un service commercial, commission) charges
    4) ( en comptabilité) ( coûts) costs

    frais fixes/variables — fixed/variable costs


    5.
    à la fraîche locution adverbiale ( le matin) in the cool of the morning; ( le soir) in the cool of the evening
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    nous voilà frais! — (colloq) now we're in a fix! (colloq)

    * * *
    fʀɛ, fʀɛʃ (fraîche)
    1. adj
    1) (air, eau) cool

    "servir frais" — "serve lightly chilled"

    Il fait un peu frais ce soir. — It's a bit chilly this evening.

    2) (aliment, nouvelles, troupes) fresh

    Cette salade n'est pas très fraîche. — This lettuce isn't very fresh.

    3) (= peu cordial) (accueil) cool
    2. adv

    frais émoulu de — fresh from, just out of

    3. nm
    4. frais nmpl
    1) (= débours) expenses
    2) COMMERCE expenses
    3) (= taxe, supplément) charges
    4) fig
    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( légèrement froid) [temps, eau, nuit, endroit] cool; ( trop froid) [nuit, eau, vent, boisson] cold; les soirées sont fraîches the evenings are cold ou chilly; ‘servir frais’ ‘serve chilled’; il fait frais ce matin ( c'est agréable) it's cool this morning; ( il fait froid) it's chilly this morning; le fond de l'air est frais there's a chill in the air;
    2 ( récent) [nouvelles, souvenir, traces, neige] fresh; [peinture, colle, encre] wet; c'est encore très frais dans ma mémoire it's still very fresh in my memory; de fraîche date [lettre, membre] recent;
    3 Comm, Culin [produit, pain, poisson, œuf, lait, légumes] fresh;
    4 ( jeune) [teint, visage, peau] fresh; [voix] young; une fraîche jeune fille a fresh-faced girl;
    5 ( nouveau) [troupes, chevaux, équipe] fresh; apporter un peu d'air frais à qch to bring a breath of fresh air to sth; de l'argent frais more money; ⇒ dispos;
    6 ( léger) [senteur, parfum, décor, couleur] fresh; se sentir tout frais to feel very fresh;
    7 ( sans chaleur) [accueil, ambiance] cool.
    B adv
    1 ( depuis peu) frais rasé freshly shaved; des fleurs fraîches cueillies freshly-picked flowers; du foin frais coupé freshly-cut hay; un livre tout frais paru a newly-published book; frais débarqués de leur village fresh from their village;
    2 ( froid) il fait frais it's cool.
    C nm
    1 ( fraîcheur) se tenir au frais to stay in the cool; prendre le frais to get some fresh air; mettre qch au frais ( pour le conserver) to put sth in a cool place; ( pour le refroidir) to put sth to cool; j'ai mis le champagne au frais I've put the champagne to cool; ‘à conserver au frais’ ‘store in a cool place’; mettre qn au frais○ ( en prison) to put sb inside○;
    2 Météo, Naut grand frais moderate gale.
    D nmpl
    1 gén ( dépenses) expenses; frais d'hospitalisation hospital expenses; frais annexes fringe expenses; frais d'habillement/médicaux/de justice clothing/medical/legal expenses; avoir de gros frais to have some big expenses; à peu de/grands frais at little/great expense; à moindres frais at very little cost; tous frais payés all expenses paid; le voyage est aux frais de l'entreprise the trip is being paid for by the company; le voyage est à vos frais you'll have to pay for the trip yourself; vivre aux frais de la société to live off society; aux frais de qn fig at sb's expense; partager les frais to share the cost; faire des frais [personne] to spend a lot of money; [événement, achat] to cost a lot; cela fait des frais de partir en vacances going on vacation costs a lot; rentrer dans ses frais to cover one's expenses; se mettre en frais pour qn to put oneself out for sb; en être pour ses frais○ lit to have to pay; fig to get nothing for one's pains; faire les frais de qch to bear the brunt of sth; les petites entreprises font les frais de la récession the small companies are bearing the brunt of the recession; arrêter les frais fig to stop wasting one's time; ⇒ faux;
    2 ( coûts d'un service professionnel) fees; frais d'agence/d'expertise agency/consultancy fees;
    3 Comm ( coûts d'un service commercial) charges; frais de location/transport hire/transport charges;
    4 Fin ( commission) charges; frais de courtage/change brokerage/exchange charges;
    5 Compta ( coûts) costs; frais de publicité/trésorerie advertising/finance costs; frais fixes/variables fixed/variable costs;
    6 Fisc ( dépenses) expenses.
    E à la fraîche loc adv ( le matin) in the cool of the morning; ( le soir) in the cool of the evening.
    frais d'annulation Tourisme cancellation fees; frais bancaires Fin bank charges; frais déductibles Fisc allowable expenses; frais de déplacement ( d'employé) travel expenses; ( de réparateur) call-out charge (sg); frais divers Compta miscellaneous costs; frais d'expédition Postes postage and packing; Transp freight; frais d'exploitation Compta operating costs; frais de fonctionnement Entr running costs; frais de garde Fin ( de titres en dépôt) management charges; ( d'enfant) ( à payer) childminding fees; Fisc childminding expenses; frais généraux Compta overheads; frais de gestion Compta management costs; Fin management charges; frais d'inscription gén registration fees; Scol school fees GB, tuition fees US; Univ tuition fees, academic fees GB; frais de port Comm, Postes postage ¢; frais professionnels Fisc professional expenses; frais réels Fisc allowable expenses; frais de représentation Admin, Entr ( encourus) entertainment expenses; ( alloués) entertainment allowance (sg); frais de scolarité Scol tuition fees, school fees GB.
    être frais comme une rose or un gardon to be as fresh as a daisy; nous voilà frais○! now we're in a fix○!
    I
    [frɛ] nom masculin pluriel
    1. [dépenses] expenditure, expense, costs
    à grands frais with much expense, (very) expensively
    frais de déplacement ou de mission ou de voyage travelling expenses
    rentrer dans ses frais to break even, to recoup one's expenses
    aux frais de la princesse (familier) : hôtel cinq étoiles, restaurants de luxe, tout ça aux frais de la princesse (familier) five-star hotel, smart restaurants, all on expenses
    2. [en comptabilité] outgoings
    frais d'envoi ou d'expédition postage
    frais d'inscription registration fee, membership fee
    II
    [frɛʃ] [frɛ] ( féminin fraîche) adjectif
    1. [un peu froid] cool, fresh
    2. [rafraîchissant] cooled, chilled
    3. [récent - œuf, huître] fresh ; [ - encre, peinture] wet
    la blessure ou la plaie est encore fraîche the wound is still fresh
    de fraîche date recent, new
    4. [agréable] fresh, sweet
    avoir la bouche ou l'haleine fraîche to have sweet breath
    5. [reposé] fresh
    frais et dispos, frais comme une rose as fresh as a daisy
    6. [éclatant] fresh
    7. [indifférent - accueil, réception] cool
    8. (familier) [en mauvais état]
    ————————
    [frɛ] adverbe
    ————————
    adverbe
    1. [nouvellement] newly
    2. [froid]
    ————————
    nom masculin
    [air frais]
    ————————
    fraîche nom féminin
    2. (très familier & argot milieu) cash
    ————————
    au frais locution adverbiale
    1. [dans un lieu froid] in a cool place
    2. (très familier & argot milieu) [en prison] in the cooler (très familier)

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > frais

  • 13 orma

    f footprint
    fig seguire le orme di qualcuno follow in s.o.'s footsteps
    * * *
    orma s.f.
    1 footprint, footmark; ( traccia) track; ( di animale) trail, spoor: le orme di un animale sulla neve, the tracks of an animal in the snow; il cane seguiva le orme della lepre, the hound followed the trail (o spoor) of the hare; si vedevano le sue orme sulla sabbia, we saw his footprints (o footmarks) in the sand // seguire le orme di qlcu., to follow in s.o.'s footsteps (anche fig.) // ritornare sulle proprie orme, (fig.) to go back on one's tracks
    2 (fig.) ( impronta) mark, trace: lasciò un'orma indelebile nella mia memoria, he left an indelible impression on my memory; lasciò la sua orma nella politica italiana, he made his mark on Italian politics
    3 pl. (fig.) ( vestigia) traces, vestiges: le orme di una passata grandezza, the traces (o vestiges) of past greatness.
    * * *
    ['orma]
    sostantivo femminile (traccia) mark, trace, trail; (di piede) footmark, footprint; (di animali) track, mark

    seguire le -e di qcn. — fig. to follow in sb.'s footsteps, to tread the same path as sb

    * * *
    orma
    /'orma/
    sostantivo f.
    (traccia) mark, trace, trail; (di piede) footmark, footprint; (di animali) track, mark; seguire le -e di qcn. fig. to follow in sb.'s footsteps, to tread the same path as sb.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > orma

  • 14 reliquia

    f.
    relic (restos).
    este ordenador es una reliquia this computer is a museum piece
    * * *
    1 relic
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Rel) relic
    2) pl reliquias (=restos) relics, remains; (=vestigios) traces, vestiges
    3) (Med)
    4) Méx (=exvoto) offering, votive offering
    * * *
    femenino relic
    * * *
    = relic, relique, hangover [hang-over], holdover.
    Ex. The argument in support of this proposal rests on the following assertions: The main entry is a relic of the early days of the printed book catalog when, for reasons of space and cost of printing, a book was to be represented by one entry only.
    Ex. The date of the publication of Bishop Thomas Percy's ' Reliques of ancient English poetry' made the study of folk literature academically respectable.
    Ex. English's dominant role is a hangover from colonialism.
    Ex. As I've said before, these conventions are antiquated -- they are holdovers from an older era.
    ----
    * reliquia de familia = heirloom.
    * reliquia del pasado = relic of the past.
    * reliquia familiar = heirloom.
    * * *
    femenino relic
    * * *
    = relic, relique, hangover [hang-over], holdover.

    Ex: The argument in support of this proposal rests on the following assertions: The main entry is a relic of the early days of the printed book catalog when, for reasons of space and cost of printing, a book was to be represented by one entry only.

    Ex: The date of the publication of Bishop Thomas Percy's ' Reliques of ancient English poetry' made the study of folk literature academically respectable.
    Ex: English's dominant role is a hangover from colonialism.
    Ex: As I've said before, these conventions are antiquated -- they are holdovers from an older era.
    * reliquia de familia = heirloom.
    * reliquia del pasado = relic of the past.
    * reliquia familiar = heirloom.

    * * *
    relic
    las reliquias del santo the relics of the saint
    los palacios son sólo reliquias del esplendor del pasado the palaces are merely relics of past splendor
    la sortija es una reliquia de familia the ring is a family heirloom
    * * *

    reliquia sustantivo femenino
    relic;

    reliquia sustantivo femenino
    1 relic
    una reliquia de familia, a family heirloom
    2 (secuela de una enfermedad, accidente) after-effect
    3 fam intensificador (antigualla) old relic

    ' reliquia' also found in these entries:
    English:
    relic
    - hang
    - heir
    - remnant
    * * *
    [restos] relic; [familiar] heirloom;
    esta costumbre es una reliquia de la Edad Media this custom is a relic from the Middle Ages;
    Fam Hum
    esta computadora es una reliquia this computer is a museum piece
    * * *
    f relic
    * * *
    1) : relic
    2)
    reliquia de familia : family heirloom

    Spanish-English dictionary > reliquia

  • 15 labile

    ( passeggero) fleeting, short-lived
    * * *
    labile agg.
    1 (letter.) (fugace, passeggero) fleeting, transient; ephemeral
    2 (debole) weak; faint: labili tracce, faint traces; memoria labile, weak memory
    3 (psic.) labile.
    * * *
    ['labile]
    1) (fugace) ephemeral, short-lived, transient
    2) (debole) [ricordo, salute, memoria] weak, faint
    3) chim. psic. labile
    * * *
    labile
    /'labile/
     1 (fugace) ephemeral, short-lived, transient
     2 (debole) [ricordo, salute, memoria] weak, faint
     3 chim. psic. labile.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > labile

  • 16 γραμματεύς

    A secretary, registrar, title of officials at Athens and elsewhere, IG12.15, etc.;

    ὁ γ. ὁ τῆς πόλεως Th.7.10

    ;

    γ. τοῦ δήμου OGI493.10

     (Ephesus, ii A. D.), Act.Ap.19.35;

    γ. ἀνδραπόδων PHib.29.7

    ;

    γ. τῶν μαχίμων UPZ110.145

     (ii B. C.);

    γ. τοῦ θεοῦ IG9(2).1109.21

     (Magn. Thess.); also of subordinate officials, clerk, sts. a term of contempt,

    ὄλεθρος γ. D.18.127

    ;

    θεοῖς ἐχθρὸς καὶ γ. Id.19.95

    ; ἡ γ., in joke, Ar. Th. 432.
    2 metaph., recorder, of memory, Pl.Phlb. 39a.
    3 scholar,

    γ. σαφής A.Fr. 358

     (s. v. l.).
    4 one who traces or marks out, of Egyptian embalmers, D.S.1.91.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > γραμματεύς

  • 17 Cybernetics

       1) The Parallel Nature of Feedback in Living Individuals and Communication Machines
       It is my thesis that the physical functioning of the living individual and the operation of some of the newer communication machines are precisely parallel in their analogous attempts to control entropy through feedback. Both of them have sensory receptors as one stage of their cycle of operation: that is, in both of them there exists a special apparatus for collecting information from the outer world at low energy levels, and for making it available in the operation of the individual or of the machine.
       In both cases these external messages are not taken neat, but through the internal transforming powers of the apparatus, whether it be alive or dead. The information is then turned into a new form available for the further stages of performance. In both the animal and the machine this performance is made to be effective on the outer world. In both of them, their performed action on the outer world, and not merely their intended action, is reported back to the central regulatory apparatus. (Wiener, 1954, pp. 26-27)
       [The job of the cyberneticist] is the study of information transfer: the converting of information from one form to another-the human voice into radio waves and back into sound once more, or a complex mathematical equation into a set of punched holes on a tape, to be fed into a computer and then into a set of traces on reels of magnetic tape in the computer's "memory store."... To him, protein synthesis is just such another case. The mechanism for ensuring the exact replication of a protein chain by a new cell is that of transferring the information about the protein structure from the parent to the daughter cell. (Rose, 1970, p. 162)
       The theme of all these tales [("Fisherman and the Jinni" in the Thousand Nights and a Night; The Sorcerer's Apprentice; and "The Monkey's Paw" by W. W. Jacobs)] is the danger of magic. This seems to lie in the fact that the operation of magic is singularly literal-minded, and that if it grants you anything at all it grants what you ask for, not what you should have asked for or what you intend....
       The magic of automation, and in particular the magic of an automatization in which the devices learn, may be expected to be similarly literal-minded. If you are playing a game according to certain rules and set the playing-machine to play for victory, you will get victory if you get anything at all, and the machine will not pay the slightest attention to any consideration except victory according to the rules. If you are playing a war game with a certain conventional interpretation of victory, victory will be the goal at any cost, even that of the extermination of your own side, unless this condition of survival is explicitly contained in the definition of victory according to which you program the machine. (Wiener, 1964, pp. 59-60)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cybernetics

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